Liquid polymer and polyol compositions, and process for preparing phenol-functional polymer

ABSTRACT

Non liquid-crystalline esterphenol-capped liquid polymer and polyol compositions in combination with an amino crosslinking agent endow coating compositions containing them with the ability of providing films having superior properties. The esterphenol-capped polymers and polyols can be prepared by direct esterification of hydroxybenzoic acid without its decarboxylation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser.No. 07/404,028, filed Sept. 6, 1989, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to liquid polymer and polyol compositions,solid crosslinked polymer compositions prepared therefrom, and methodsfor improving coating properties of films and surface coatings. It alsorelates to preparing polymers and polyols endcapped with phenolicfunctionalities.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Coating formulations usually contain a number of components. A primarycomponent is resin, which can be natural or synthetic. The resin acts asa polymeric coating binder, or polymeric coating vehicle for the coatingformulation. In addition most coatings require a solvent, and thecoating may also contain a wide variety of additives. Further, manycoatings also contain a crosslinking agent, which after application ofthe coating vehicle to a substrate, reacts chemically with the resinduring a curing stage to produce a film containing a crosslinkednetwork. The crosslinked network is necessary for production of goodfilm properties. The curing stage can be conducted at ambient conditions("air-dry system"), or at elevated temperatures ("baked system"). Ineither case, the solvent is evaporated during the curing stage,resulting in a coating film. A number of properties are important forthe coating film, including hardness, flexibility, weather resistance(weatherability), chemical resistance, solvent resistance, corrosionresistance, adhesion to various substrates, impact resistance, andseveral others. The properties depend on many factors including type,molecular weight, monomer composition, and glass transition temperature(Tg) of the resin; type and amount of the crosslinker; curingconditions; curing catalyst; and additives. Variations of theseparameters can be used to create a wide range of differences in filmproperties to fit requirements for a number of diverse applications.However, it is not always possible to optimize all of the desirableproperties simultaneously.

For example, hardness and impact resistance are two desirablecharacteristics of coatings which are somewhat mutually exclusive sincehigh hardness is usually associated with films having high Tgs.Conversely, high impact resistance is associated with low Tg. Thisnecessitates a trade-off between high hardness and high impactresistance. It is frequently possible to optimize one of theseproperties, but at the expense of the other.

In European Patent Application No. 0 287 233 filed Mar. 28, 1988, andpublished Oct. 19, 1988, Jones et al. teaches a method to simultaneouslyobtain both high hardness and high impact resistance in a coating byemploying liquid crystalline (L.C.) polymers. The L.C. polymers arecharacterized by containing mesogenic groups which impart the L.C.character to the polymer. The mesogenic groups are chemical structuresthat contain a rigid sequence of at least two, and frequently more,aromatic rings connected in the para position by a covalent bond or byother rigid or semirigid chemical linkages. In addition to the mesogenicgroups, the polymers contain conventional polymeric units which areattached to the mesogens via a covalent bond.

Jones formulates these L.C. polymers with suitable crosslinking resins,such as aminoplast resins, to create coating vehicles which, upon curingby baking yield films which have both high hardness and high impactvalues. The enhanced properties are attributed to the L.C. interactionof the various polymer chains. A mesogen which is frequently usedconsists of the internal esters of two or more molecules ofpara-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA). This mesogen is connected to apolymeric polyol by esterification of the OH groups of the polyol withthe residual carboxyl groups of the mesogen.

The L.C. polymers, while possessing good properties, have severaldrawbacks. First, the mesogenic groups are usually expensive tosynthesize and incorporate into the polymer. For example, multiple PHBAend groups require a large quantity of PHBA and significantly increasethe resin price. Second, the synthesis is complicated. In one method,the synthesis is based on the use of expensive and toxicdicyclohexylcarbodimide, which renders this method impractical from acommercial standpoint. Another method is based on direct esterificationof PHBA with a polyesterdiol at 230° C. in the presence ofpara-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA). Jones teaches that it is importantthat the acid catalyst be used and that the temperature be controlled toprovide the predominantly L C. phenolic oligoesters. Polymers producedin accordance with the teachings of Jones, however, result in materialwith poor color, an unacceptably high loss of PHBA via decarboxylation,and a sizable loss of phthalic acid from the polymer due to anhydrideformation. In order to be commercially attractive, it would be verydesirable to provide the enhanced properties associated with Jones'sL.C. polymers without the above-mentioned attendant problems.

Efforts have been made to incorporate active phenolic functionalitiesinto polymeric coating vehicles to enhance curing characteristics or theproperties of the prepared coating. However, the coatings produced inaccordance with the prior art are generally inferior or difficult toprepare.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,302, U.S. Pat. No. Re. 32,136 and U.S. Pat. No.4,416,965, all three to Sandhu et al., disclose polyesters havingrecurring units derived from diols and diacids and recurring unitsderived from p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These polyesters are used inelectrographic developer compositions. The polymers disclosed in Sandhuet al. have several disadvantages. The recurring units derived from PHBAare blocks of two or more units of PHBA. Also, the polymers have highmolecular weight as evidenced by their high inherent viscosities ofabout 0.3-0.7, (MW 50,000-200,000). Finally, the polymers are carboxylterminated since they are made from p-acetoxybenzoic acid.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,979,473 to Heinrich relates to an alkyd formed from apolyacid, a polyol and modifier comprising 30-70 mole % monocarboxylicaromatic acid containing from about 50-100 mole % of 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,993,873 to Heinrich relates to alkyd resins modified byreaction with hydroxybenzoic acids and cured by ambient or baked cures.In either case, no crosslinking agent is added. Rather, the cureproceeds via the unsaturated site in the alkyd resin and coatingsproduced therefrom do not include benefits achieved by incorporating acrosslinker.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,952 to Shalaby discloses copolymers formed by thepolycondensation of PHBA, an acid anhydride and diol. As in the Sandhuet al. and Heinrich patents, however, the polymer produced is not PHBAend-capped, but rather has a random structure.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,491 to Taft and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4.343.839, 4,374,181,4,365,039, and 4,374,167 to Blegen disclose compositions capable ofbeing cured at room temperature with a tertiary amine comprising aphenolic terminated polyester component and a polyisocyanate curingagent. These systems are unstable at room temperature and must be storedin two separate packages which are mixed together immediately prior toapplication. Taft discloses numerous uncapped prepolymer componentswhich can be reacted with a carboxyphenol (e.g., hydroxybenzoic acid) togive a wide variety of capped hydroxy containing polymers for subsequentreaction.

Taft and Blegen, however, relate to two package polyurethane systemswhereby mixing and subsequent reaction of the polymer with apolyisocyanate in the presence of a tertiary amine (basic catalyst)results in a rapidly curable composition (few minutes) at roomtemperature. Coatings prepared according to this method do not exhibitimproved characteristics achieved by baking to cure the coating.Furthermore, in order to avoid direct esterification of hydroxybenzoicacid, Taft resorts to a difficult transesterification of the methylester of hydroxybenzoic acid. In order to provide an acceptableconversion, a significant excess (ca. 2 fold) of methylsalicylate, amethyl ester of hydroxybenzoic acid, must therefore be used, requiringan additional vacuum stripping operation at 0.05 mm Hg with heating upto 385° F. to remove the excess methylsalicylate. Even then, about 25%of the methylsalicylate could not be removed. Thus, this makes theproduct and process disclosed in Taft commercially undesirable andnoncompetitive.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,782 to Linden discloses a method for making a"phenol-functional polyester polymer". According to this patent,hydroxybenzoic acid is pre-reacted in a first stage with an epoxycompound such as Cardura E (glycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid) toproduce an adduct as shown below: ##STR1## This step protects thecarboxylic acid of the PHBA and prevents decarboxylation, and it alsocreates a more reactive hydroxyl site on the adduct so that subsequentreaction with other components is easier. In a second stage, the adductis reacted with neopentyl glycol, adipic acid, and isophthalic acid toprovide the phenol-functional polyester.

Linden teaches that direct reaction of hydroxybenzoic acid with a polyolfor synthesis of a polyester is impractical since degradation of thehydroxybenzoic acid is prevalent. This patent further discloses thatadvantages achieved includes the ability to synthesize aphenol-functional polymer without subjecting hydroxybenzoic acid toconditions amenable to decarboxylation.

Linden also discloses a method whereby a polyester polymer is preparedwhich is substantially free of reactive aliphatic hydroxyl groups inorder to provide increased pot life of a coating composition preparedtherefrom. Reactive aliphatic hydroxyl groups, however, are desirableand even critical in some situations.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,267,239 and 4,298,658 to Thankachan et al. disclosealkyd resins containing free hydroxyl groups modified by reaction withPHBA. The modified alkyds are cured via a vapor curing process at roomtemperature with a di- or polyisocyanate in the presence of an aminevapor. These are also two package systems which must be storedseparately. Coatings prepared according to this method, have limitedproperties because they are not formulated with an amino crosslinkingagent and baked at elevated temperature.

Japanese Patent Nos. 52-73929, 52-81342, and 53-42338 relate to powdercoating compositions comprising an amino resin and a polyester resinhaving phenolic hydroxyl groups and having a softening temperature of40° to 150° C. Japanese Patent Nos. 52-81341 and 53-42341 are similar,but they also incorporate double bonds in the polyester structure toallow a second mode (oxidative) of crosslinking to take place in orderto reduce the amount of crosslinking required by the amino crosslinkingresin, and, consequently, reduce the amount of amino resin required.However, all of these patents are directed to powder coatings whichrequire that the resin system be a solid under application conditions.Hence, they must have a high softening temperature which equates to ahigh Tg for the polyester resin. Furthermore, powder coatings are aspecialized application technique and are not used extensively. Morecommon application techniques require liquid systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to liquid polymer and liquid polyolcompositions for improved coatings with enhanced properties. Thesecoatings provide simultaneous high hardness and high impact resistance,good weatherability, good corrosion resistance and hydrolytic stability,solvent resistance, adhesion, low color, and low impurity levels. Theseproperties are produced without incorporation of L.C. polymers ormesogenic groups, thus avoiding the many drawbacks of L.C. polymers. Forexample, the present invention provides polymers without expensivemesogenic groups, saving on cost. Secondly, the present inventionprovides an improved, inexpensive, easier method of synthesis, whichresults in very substantially improved color of the polymer. This isimportant from a commercial standpoint, since it allows formulation oflight colored and white coatings, an important marketing consideration.In addition, this improved synthetic procedure avoids another pitfall ofsome of the L.C. polyester based polymers, i.e., decomposition of thepolyester portion of the polymer, resulting in extensive formation ofphthalic anhydride. This phthalic anhydride remains in the L.C.polymeric mixture and provides a source of easily volatilized materialwhich can have a deleterious effect in the application and curing of thecoating.

In addition, unlike conventional two package polyurethane coatingssystems which require separate storage of the individual packagesfollowed by premixing of the two packages immediately prior toapplication, the liquid polymer and polyol compositions of thisinvention exhibit an almost infinite shelf life in the completely mixedstate and can be applied as a homogeneous mixture which can then becured to prepare a crosslinked polymer with outstanding properties.

The present invention is also directed to a method of preparing anhydroxybenzoic acid-capped polymer or polyol whereby extensivedecarboxylation of the hydroxybenzoic acid starting material is avoided.

These and other objectives are achieved by providing a liquid polymercomposition comprising a non liquid-crystalline esterphenol-cappedpolymer and an amino crosslinking agent, in addition to a solid,crosslinked polymer composition prepared by curing this polymer. Alsoprovided is a liquid polyol composition comprising a nonliquid-crystalline, esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol and the aminocrosslinking agent. A method of improving the properties of aconventional film or surface coating prepared by curing a liquidfilm-forming or coating formulation is provided whereby theesterphenol-capped polymer or esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol issubstituted for all or part of a conventional aliphatic hydroxy- orepoxy-functional polymer or polyhydric alcohol, respectively, in thefilm-forming or coating formulation before cure.

An hydroxybenzoic acid-capped polymer or polyhydric alcohol is preparedby directly esterifying an aliphatic hydroxyfunctional polymer orpolyhydric alcohol with hydroxybenzoic acid at a reaction temperaturebelow 200° C. In another embodiment, the hydroxybenzoic acid-cappedpolymer is prepared by reacting a molar excess of an aliphatic hydroxyfunctional polymer or polyhydric alcohol with hydroxybenzoic acid at areaction temperature below 200° C. to partially esterify the polymer orpolyhydric alcohol. The reaction mixture is then reacted with polybasicacid or acid derivative below 200° C. until the desired level ofconversion of carboxyl group to ester is achieved.

Another embodiment of the invention is carried out by charging allreactants simultaneously (polyhydric alcohols, polybasic acids,hydroxybenzoic acid) followed by esterification of the reaction mixtureat a temperature below 200° C. until essential conversion of carboxylgroups into ester groups is achieved.

In a further aspect of this invention, the improved liquid polymeric andpolyol compositions are converted to formulated coatings by addition ofsolvent, catalyst, and additives.

The liquid polymer and polyol compositions of this invention are usefulfor preparing surface coatings, films, adhesives, and in any otherapplications requiring similar properties.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the invention, liquid polymeric vehicles or liquid polyolvehicles for improved coatings compositions which result in appliedfilms with enhanced properties are provided in addition to methods fortheir preparation. The improved liquid polymeric vehicle may comprise(a) an esterphenol-capped polymer (oligomer), and (b) an aminocrosslinking agent and, optionally, (c) an organic solvent. The improvedliquid polyol vehicles may comprise (d) an esterphenol-capped mediummolecular weight polyol, such as a C₁₂ -C₄₀ polyhydric alcohol, and (b)an amino crosslinking agent, and, optionally, (c) an organic solvent.The improved liquid polymeric vehicle or liquid polyol vehicle containsno liquid-crystalline polymers or mesogenic groups. The liquid vehicleis converted into a formulated coating by adding the usual solvents,pigments, and additives such as flow modifiers and stabilizers which areemployed in coating compositions. The formulated coating is applied to asubstrate in the usual manner, e.g., by brushing, spraying, rollercoating, or dipping. Then the coated substrate is baked to form thefinal film by simultaneously evaporating off the solvent andcrosslinking mixture (a) or (d) with the amino crosslinking resin. Thefilms of the invention are characterized by improved properties such assimultaneous high hardness and high impact resistance, goodweatherability, good corrosion resistance and hydrolytic stability,solvent resistance, low color, low impurity levels, and good adhesionwhen compared with films made with similar (molecular weight,functionality, etc.) polymeric vehicles with no esterphenol groups.

For the purpose of describing this invention, the following terms aredefined:

by the term "liquid" polymer composition is meant a polymer compositionwhich is liquid at room temperature;

by the term "non liquid-crystalline" polymer is meant a polymercharacterized by a lack of a detectable amount of liquid crystals asmeasured by X-ray diffraction techniques and/or optical polarizingmicroscopy techniques described by Dimian, A. F., Jones, F. N., J.Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1987, 56; by the term "derived from" (as in a"monovalent radical derived from a polymer" or a "polyvalent radicalderived from a polymer") is meant a monovalent or polyvalent radicalcreated from (1) removal of at least one hydroxyl group from either apolyester, alkyd, or acrylic polymer, or (2) rearrangement of at leastone epoxy group from an epoxide polymer (for example, if the polymerwere a hydroxy-terminated polyester with two or more aliphatic hydroxylgroups, then the monovalent radical derived from such a polymer would bea monovalent radical created by removing one of the hydroxyl groups andthe polyvalent radical derived from such a polymer would be a di(poly)valent radical created by removing two or more of the hydroxyl groups;if the polymer were an epoxide with two or more epoxy groups, then themonovalent radical derived from such epoxide polymer would be theprimary monovalent radical created by rearrangement of one of the epoxygroups to yield a beta-hydroxy substituted radical site and thepolyvalent radical would be the primary di(poly)valent radical createdby rearrangement of two or more of the epoxy groups to yieldbeta-hydroxy substituted radical sites); this term is not meant to implythat the monovalent or polyvalent radical is necessarily prepared fromthat polymeric precursor;

by the term "hydrocarbylene" is meant a divalent hydrocarbon radical;

by the term "oxyhydrocarbylene" is meant a divalent hydrocarbon radicalwith oxygen-bearing groups, for example, carbonyl, ester, ether,hydroxyl, or phenolic groups; and

by the term "acid derivative" is meant a derivative of an acid capableof undergoing substantially similar chemical reactions as that of theacid, for example, esterification (such derivatives include but are notlimited to acid halides, esters and acid anhydrides).

The non liquid-crystalline esterphenol-capped polymer of component (a)of the improved liquid polymeric vehicle is depicted in formula (I)below: ##STR2## wherein R=a polyvalent radical with a number averagemolecular weight between about 200-10,000 derived from a polymer havingat least 2 aliphatic hydroxy- or epoxy-functional groups;

R¹ =a direct bond, C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbylene or C₁₋₂₀ oxyhydrocarbylene (R¹preferably=a direct bond);

R² =OH, H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy (R²preferably=H);

n is an integer between 2-10 inclusive (preferably n is an integerbetween 2-6 inclusive, most preferably 2-4 inclusive, and mostpreferably 2).

This radical R is a di- or polyvalent hydrocarbon (aromatic, aliphatic,or mixture thereof) radical which can optionally contain ester, hydroxy,epoxy, or ether linkages. Its number average molecular weight is in therange of about 200-10,000, preferably about 200-6000. In one embodimentR can be derived from a di- or polyhydroxy oligomeric precursor which isused to synthesize the esterphenol-capped polymers, via, among otherroutes, an esterification reaction. The preferred examples of theseoligomeric precursors are di(poly)hydroxy polyesters, alkyds oracrylics. In another embodiment, R can be derived from a di- orpolyepoxide compound, which can be used to synthesize theesterphenol-capped polymers via, among other routes, reaction with thecarboxyl group of the capping compound to yield hydroxy substitutedesterphenol-capped polymers. Alternatively, precursors having thefollowing structural functional groups can be employed to prepare liquidpolymeric vehicles: ##STR3## wherein Q=H, or alkyl.

Preferably, the non liquid-crystalline, esterphenol capped polymer ofcomponent (a) of the improved liquid polymeric vehicle has the followingformula: ##STR4## wherein: R³ is a divalent radical having a molecularweight between about 200 and 10,000, and is derived from ahydroxyterminated polyester. The polyester is preferably prepared fromone or more polyhydric alcohols and one or more polybasic acids orderivatives thereof.

In another embodiment of this invention, the backbone radical, R, can bederived from a simple medium molecular weight molecule, such as a C₁₂₋₄₀polyhydric alcohol which can be capped with an esterphenol. In such acase, the liquid polymer composition would be more properly defined as aliquid polyol composition. However, for the sake of brevity, the terms"liquid polymeric vehicle", "liquid polymer composition" and "liquidpolyol composition" are often used interchangeably throughout thespecification, and the preferred embodiments for the liquid polymericvehicle apply equally for the liquid polyol compositions. Preferably,the liquid polyol composition has the formula: ##STR5## wherein R⁴ is adivalent radical derived from a C₁₂₋₄₀ diol.

The following generally represents the esterphenol capping groups:##STR6## R¹ in the formula serves to connect the phenol group to theester group and can be a direct bond, oxygen or a bivalent aliphatic oraromatic radical which may contain, optionally, a carbonyl or a phenolgroup. When R¹ is a bivalent radical, it can contain 1-20, preferably1-11, and more preferably 1-7 carbon atoms. R² is as defined above.

Examples of compounds from which the esterphenol capping groups arederived are: ##STR7## When R¹ is a direct bond, the formula reduces tohydroxybenzoic acid and it can be ortho-, meta-, or para-. A preferredembodiment is the para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA).

The non liquid-crystalline esterphenol-capped polymer (I) of component(a) of the improved liquid polymeric vehicle can be essentially a purecompound, or it can be used in admixture with other compounds. In oneembodiment, (I) can be used in a mixture of similar, but different,compounds created by blending mixtures produced from different startingmaterials. In a preferred embodiment, (I) is used in admixture with thestarting material from which it was made, and intermediate compounds inthe preparation. In this embodiment the esterphenol-capped polymers areprepared in sequential steps from a polymeric di(poly)ol (polyester,alkyd, or acrylic) or a polymeric di(poly)epoxide precursor. Theprecursor is reacted with the capping group in sequential steps. Thefirst step forms the mono-substituted derivative (II) with theesterphenol-capping group on only one site of the polymer. Then the nextstep forms the derivative with the esterphenol group on two sites of thepolymer. Further reaction at additional sites of the polymer is possiblebut not necessary to accomplish the objectives of the present invention.The sequential reaction proceeds as follows: ##STR8## wherein R=apolyvalent radical with a number average molecular weight between about200-10,000 derived from a polymer having at least 2 aliphatic hydroxy-or epoxy-functional groups;

R¹ =a direct bond, C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbylene or C₁₋₂₀ oxyhydrocarbylene (R¹preferably =a direct bond);

R² =OH, H, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy (R²preferably=H);

R⁵ =a monovalent radical with a number average molecular weight betweenabout 200-10,000 derived from the polymer having at least 2 aliphatichydroxy- or epoxy-functional groups;

n is an integer between 2-10 inclusive (preferably n is an integerbetween 2-6 inclusive, most preferably 2-4 inclusive, and mostpreferably 2);

In one embodiment, the oligomeric precursor which can be used tosynthesize the esterphenol-capped polymer is a low molecular weightpolyesterdiol. It can be formed by the condensation reaction of a di- orpolyol with a di- or polyacid. The polyol generally contains 2 to about8 carbon atoms, preferably about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in addition tohaving 2 to about 6, preferably 2 to about 4, hydroxyl groups. Somepreferred examples of the polyols are one or more of the following:neopentyl glycol; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; butanediol;hexamethylenediol; 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol,1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; trimethylol propane; pentaerythritol;diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; tetraethylene glycol; dipropyleneglycol; polypropylene glycol; hexylene glycol; 2-methyl-2-ethyl1,3-propanediol; 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol; 1,5-pentanediol; thiodiglycol;1,3-propanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 2,3-butanediol; 1,4-butanediol;2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol; 1,2-cyclohexanediol;1,3-cyclohexanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanediol; glycerol; trimethylolpropane;trimethylolethane; 1,2,4-butanetriol; 1,2,6-hexanetriol;dipentaerythritol; tripentaerythritol; mannitol; sorbitol;methylglycoside; like compounds apparent to those skilled in the art;and mixtures thereof. The polyacids contain about 2 to 34 carbon atomsin aliphatic or aromatic moieties, and at least 2 preferably no morethan 4, carboxyl groups which may, alternatively, be present in the formof anhydride groups. The polyacids are preferably one or more of thefollowing: phthalic anhydride, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid,adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid,cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, trimellitic anhydride, azeleic acid,sebasic acid, dimer acid, pyromellitic dianhydride, substituted maleicand fumaric acids such as citraconic, chloromaleic, mesaconic, andsubstituted succinic acids such as aconitic and itaconic. Mixtures ofpolyols or polyacids or both can be employed.

In a preferred embodiment, a polyester diol (II) is reacted with PHBA toform an esterphenol-capped polymer in a stepwise fashion as follows:##STR9##

In the first step, PHBA is reacted with one end of the polyesterdiol togive a polymer which has one aliphatic hydroxy group and one esterphenolgroup (IV). In the second step, a second PHBA reacts with IV to producethe esterphenol-capped polymer (V) The reaction product distribution isgoverned by the amount of PHBA used. With use of a stoichiometric amountof PHBA the reaction can be made to produce almost exclusively V, or, ifless PHBA is used, it can be stopped short to give a mixture of III, IV,and V. This mixture constitutes one of the preferred species of thepresent invention. Depending on the level of PHBA used, the relativeamounts of III, IV, and V can be varied. With low PHBA, III willpredominate, with some IV, and very little V. At higher PHBA levels, IVincreases at the expense of III, and V starts to increase. At stillhigher PHBA levels. IV and V become the major species with small amountsof III. Finally, at very high PHBA levels, V almost becomes theexclusive product.

In an alternate embodiment, the reaction can be carried to highconversion of the diol by using high levels of PHBA, giving a productwith predominantly V, and with only small amounts of III and IV. Then,in order to produce one of the preferred species, this product can beblended with some additional unreacted starting material III. Theresulting blend would be predominantly V and III with very little IV.

In another embodiment, the di- or polyhydroxy oligomeric precursor usedto synthesize the esterphenol-capped polymer is an alkyd resin. An alkydresin is an oil modified polyester resin and broadly is the product ofthe reaction of a di- or polyhydric alcohol and a di- or poly- basicacid or acid derivative and an oil, fat or carboxylic acid derived fromsuch oil or fat which acts as a modifier. Such modifiers are typicallydrying oils. The dihydric or polyhydric alcohol employed in the firststage is suitably an aliphatic alcohol; suitable alcohols includeglycol, 1,2- or 1,3-propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentylglycol, glycerol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane andpentaerythritol. Mixtures of the alcohols may also be employed,particularly to provide a desired content of hydroxyl groups. Whenpentaerythritol is employed alone as the alcohol component there is sometendency for crosslinking between hydroxyl groups and this produces amore brittle coating. The dibasic or polybasic acid, or correspondinganhydrides may be selected from a variety of aliphatic and aromaticcarboxylic acids. Suitable acids and acid anhydrides include, by way ofexample, succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalicacid, trimellitic anhydride and bis 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic anhydride. Mixtures of these acids and anhydrides may beemployed to produce a balance of properties. As the drying oil or fattyacid there is suitably employed a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid of12 to 22 carbon atoms or a corresponding triglyceride, that is acorresponding fat or oil, such as those contained in animal or vegetablefats or oils. Suitable fats and oils include tall oil, castor oil,coconut oil, lard, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil,soybean oil and beef tallow. Such fats and oils comprise mixedtriglycerides of such fatty acids as caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic,palmitic and stearic and such unsaturated fatty acids as oleic, eracic,ricinoleic, linoleic and linolenic. Chemically these fats and oils areusually mixtures of two or more members of the class.

As indicated above, the number average molecular weight of polymericprecursor radical R, divalent radical R³ or monovalent radical R⁵generally ranges from about 200 to about 10,000. In certain applicationsrequiring more flexible coatings such as coil coating, it is preferredthat the molecular weight of these radicals be on the high side of thisrange, i.e., at least about 3,000 and more preferably from about 3,000to about 6,000. In most other applications where coatings having higherhardness are desired, it is preferred that the molecular weight of theseradicals be on the low side of this range, i.e., less than about 3,000and more preferably within the range of from about 200 to about 1500.

If the oligomeric precursor from which the backbone radical, R, isderived is a polyester or an alkyd resin, then the number averagemolecular weight is preferably between the 200 to 6,000 range set forthabove.

In still another embodiment, the di- or polyhydroxy oligomeric precursorused to synthesize the esterphenol capped polymer is an acryliccopolymer resin. The acrylic copolymer resin is prepared from at leastone hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate and at least onenon-hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate. The hydroxy-substitutedalkyl (meth)acrylates which can be employed as monomers comprise membersselected from the group consisting of the following esters of acrylic ormethacrylic acid and aliphatic glycols: 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate,3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate; 1-hydroxy- 2-acryloxy propane;2-hydroxypropyl acrylate; 3-hydroxypropylacrylate;2,3-dihydroxypropylacrylate; 3-hydroxbutyl acrylate; 2-hydroxybutylacrylate; 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate; diethyleneglycol acrylate;5-hydroxypentyl acrylate; 6-hydroxyhexyl acrylate; triethyleneglycolacrylate; 7-hydroxyheptyl acrylate; 1-hydroxy-2-methacryloxy propane;2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate;2-hydroxybutyl methacrylate; 3-hydroxybutyl methacrylate; 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate; 4-hydroxybutylmethacrylate; 3,4-dihydroxybutylmethacrylate; 5-hydroxypentyl methacrylate; and 7-hydroxyheptylmethacrylate. Although one of ordinary skill in the art will recognizethat many different hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylates includingthose listed above could be employed, the preferred hydroxy functionalmonomers for use in the resins of this invention are hydroxy-substitutedalkyl (meth)acrylates having a total of 5 to 7 carbon atoms, i.e.,esters of C₂ to C₃ dihydric alcohols and acrylic or methacrylic acids.Illustrative of particularly suitable hydroxy- substituted alkyl(meth)acrylate monomers are 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and2-hydroxypropyl acrylate.

Among the non-hydroxy-substituted alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers whichmay be employed are alkyl (meth)acrylates (as before, meaning esters ofeither acrylic or methacrylic acids). Preferred nonhydroxy unsaturatedmonomers are esters of C₁ to C₁₂ monohydric alcohols and acrylic ormethacrylic acids, e.g., methyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate,2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, etc.Examples of particularly suitable monomers are butyl acrylate, butylmethacrylate and methyl methacrylate.

Additionally, the acrylic copolymer resin of the present invention mayinclude in their composition other monomers such as acrylic acid andmethacrylic acid, monovinyl aromatic hydrocarbons containing from 8 to12 carbon atoms (including styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene,t-butyl styrene, chlorostyrene and the like), vinyl chloride, vinylidenechloride, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile).

The acrylic copolymer preferably has a number average molecular weightbetween about 1000 and 6000, more preferably between about 2000 and5000.

In a further embodiment, an epoxy resin is used to synthesize theesterphenol-capped polymer. Epoxy resins of this invention arecharacterized by the presence of two or more three-membered cyclic ethergroups (epoxy group or 1,2-epoxide) and can be considered as ananhydrous form of 1,2-diols. The synthesis of the esterphenol-cappedpolymers from epoxy resins is different from the simple esterificationof polyols discussed above and is based on the reactions: ##STR10##

Compound VIII has four or more functional groups per molecule (dependingon the structure of R⁶). The most widely used epoxy resins arediglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A. Other diepoxy resins commerciallyproduced are hydantoin based (Ciba Geigy Epoxy Resin 0163 is an example)and cycloaliphatic types (Union Carbide). The multiepoxy functionalityis realized in epoxy phenol novalacs (DEN 431, DEN 438, DEN 439 of TheDow Chemical Company). The reaction of PHBA with epoxy resins proceedsat milder conditions (lower temperature, shorter time) then theesterification of di(poly)ols and reduces the danger of decomposition ofPHBA. However, this chemistry can be applied only to bis- or poly-epoxyresins or compounds, and therefore limits possible structures ofesterphenol-capped polymers to the corresponding epoxy resins.

The amino crosslinking agents used in the present invention are wellknown commercial products. They are organic compounds of the generalstructural type, as shown below: ##STR11## wherein: i≧2;

R⁷ =H, or C₁ -C₄ alkyl;

R⁸ =H, --CH₂ -OR⁵, ##STR12## The amino crosslinking resins are producedby companies such as American Cyanamid, Monsanto, etc., and are made bythe reaction of di(poly)amide(amine) compounds with formaldehyde and,optionally, lower alcohol.

The amino crosslinking resins that are currently produced commerciallyare based on: ##STR13##

In the present invention, the ratio of the active crosslinking groups,i.e., methylol (alkoxymethyl) groups of the amino crosslinking agent tothe phenol groups on the esterphenol-capped polymer or polyhydricalcohol is desirably from about 1.0:1 0 to 15.0:1.0, more preferablyfrom about 1.0:1.0 to 5.0:1.0, most preferably from about 1.5:1.0 to4.0:1.0.

On a weight basis, the amount of amino crosslinking agent effective forcuring the crosslinkable binder generally ranges from about 3 to about50 parts by weight, more preferably from about 10 to about 40 parts byweight based on the combined weight of the amino crosslinking agent,esterphenol-capped polymer and any other crosslinkable polymerconstituent of the composition. In general, quantities of crosslinkingagent required to cure the composition are inversely proportional to thenumber average molecular weight of the ester phenol-capped polymercomposition. Quantities of crosslinking agent on the higher side of thisrange are required to properly cure ester phenol-capped polymercompositions having a relatively low number average molecular weight,e.g., from about 200 to about 3,000, whereas lesser amounts of thecrosslinking agent are required to properly cure ester phenol-cappedpolymers having a higher number average molecular weight, e.g., fromabout 3,000 to about 10,000.

Examples of suitable amino-crosslinking resins for the liquid vehicleare: ##STR14## wherein R is the following: R=CH₃ (Cymel™300, 301, 303);

R=CH₃, C₂ H₅ (Cymel™1116);

R=CH₃, C₄ H₉ (Cymel™1130, 1133);

R=C₄ H₉ Cymel™1156); or

R=CH₃, H (Cymel™370, 373, 380, 385)

The preferred melamine is hexamethoxymethylmelamine. ##STR15## whereinR=CH₃, C₂ H₅ (Cymel™1123) ##STR16## wherein R=CH₃, H (Beetle 60, Beetle65); or

R=C₄ H₉ (Beetle 80). ##STR17## wherein: R=CH₃, C₂ H₅ (Cymel™1171); or

R=C₄ H₉ (Cymel™1170).

The liquid polymeric vehicle may also include pigment. Preferably, thepigment is present in the vehicle in a weight ratio of the pigment tothe esterphenol-capped polymer plus amino crosslinking agent in a rangeof about 0.5:1.0 to 2.0:1.0, more preferably 0.8:1.0 to 1.1:1.0.

The present invention produces an improved polymeric vehicle whichyields films with enhanced properties such as simultaneous high hardnessand high impact values High impact values reflect a high degree offlexibility, and high flexibility is dependent upon the Tg value ofcomponent (a). In order to impart high flexibility,. the Tg of component(a) should be less than about 40, preferably between about -40° and 40°C., more preferably between about -30° and 35° C., and most preferablybetween -20° and 30° C. If component (a) is a mixture, then the Tg ofthe mixture can be measured by conventional means, or it can becalculated from the following equation: ##EQU1## where W_(I), W_(II) andW_(III) are weight fractions of component structures I, II and III andTg_(I), Tg_(II) and Tg_(III) are the corresponding Tg. Conventionalcoating systems require an acidic catalyst for curing with aminocrosslinking resins. In the present invention, however, there is analternate curing scheme which can be used and surprisingly, an acidiccatalyst is not required In fact, no catalyst is required. The desiredcrosslinking reaction can be obtained by just heating the liquidpolymeric vehicle. The time and temperature depend on the specificreaction system, but the conditions are generally similar to thoseemployed with an acidic catalyst. In another surprising feature of theinvention, it has been found beneficial to use a basic catalyst with thepresent invention. A suitable base is the alkaline or alkaline earthmetal salt of a weak organic acid, such as potassium neodecanoate Thiscatalyst can be used in the same quantities as the strong acid catalyst,and the baking schedules are similar.

Another aspect of the present invention involves preparation of theesterphenol-capped oligomers. There are several problems withconventional approaches discussed in the literature. It has been shownrepeatedly in the prior art that direct esterification of a polyol withhydroxybenzoic acid is accompanied by large amounts of decarboxylationof the hydroxybenzoic acid to yield phenol and carbon dioxide. Indeed,U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,782 to Linden teaches that the direct reaction ofhydroxybenzoic acid with a polyol for the synthesis of a polyester isimpractical since degradation of the hydroxybenzoic acid is prevalentThus, extensive decarboxylation renders the method impractical sincelarge amounts of expensive hydroxybenzoic acid are destroyed Otherproblems for the direct esterification are also important drawbacks forthis method. Jones (European Patent Application No. 0 287 233 filed Mar.28, 1988, and published Oct. 19. 1988) teaches a method for directesterification of an oligomer (composed of phthalic acid, adipic acid,and neopentyl glycol) with PHBA using a p-TSA catalyst and a highboiling aromatic solvent. This method, however, gives a very highlycolored product which is also characterized by high level ofdecomposition of the oligomer to form phthalic anhydride. It would bevery difficult to use this product for the preparation of a low color orwhite paint. The high levels of phthalic anhydride would also presentdifficulties with certain methods of paint application, and it wouldfurther present a problem with increased levels of volatile emissions.In the present invention methods to overcome all of these problems havebeen found, permitting direct esterification to be used as a method ofchoice.

In the present invention, two methods are used separately or inconjunction to minimize or eliminate the aforementioned problems, e.g.,(1) proper control of the reaction conditions, i.e, minimizing exposureof hydroxybenzoic acid to high temperatures, and (2) use ofhydroxybenzoic acid containing no or only very low levels of basicimpurities.

In one embodiment, a two stage reaction is used In the first stage, thehydroxybenzoic acid is mixed with a molar excess of a C₂₋₈ polyhydricalcohol, such as neopentyl glycol. Preferably, the ratio of C₂₋₈polyhydric alcohol to the hydroxy benzoic acid ranges from about 1 : 1to 10 : 1. A suitable solvent and, optionally, a catalyst may be addedand the solution is stirred and heated from 140°-200° C. The excessamount of neopentyl glycol, which will be subsequently reacted, helps todrive the reaction by a mass action effect, resulting in a fasterreaction rate which allows a lower reaction temperature to be used.After most of the water of reaction has been removed, the othermonomers, e.g., polybasic acids or derivatives thereof, are added andthe second stage of the reaction is also carried out at temperaturesbetween 140°-200° C. This technique keeps the temperature below 200° C.and minimizes decarboxylation of the hydroxybenzoic acid. The reactioncan be completed by increasing the reaction temperature, preferablybetween about 200° and 230° C., to esterify residual reactants

In another embodiment, a single stage reaction is utilized. All of thereactants, a catalyst (optional), and a solvent may be combined andheated at a temperature between 140°-200° C. It is important to maintainthe temperature at this level until at least about 5%, more preferably70%, and more preferably at least about 80%, of the esterificationreaction has taken place. The water of reaction is used to monitorprogress of the reaction. At that time, the temperature can be raised upto for instance about 230° C. to complete the reaction.

In a third embodiment, the aliphatic hydroxy-functional polymer can beprepared conventionally in the absence of hydroxybenzoic acid. Thispolymer or a C₁₂₋₄₀ polyhydric alcohol can then be added to thehydroxybenzoic acid and reacted at 140°-200° C. until at least 5%, morepreferably 70%, more preferably at least 80%, conversion has beenattained. The temperature is then raised to about 230° C. to completethe reaction. This approach can be beneficial in some cases allowingsynthesis of esterphenol-capped polymers or polyols with narrowmolecular weight distribution.

Generally, greater than 5 weight percent of the aliphatichydroxy-functional polymer or C₁₂.40 polyhydric alcohol is esterified toform the hydroxybenzoic acid-capped polymer or polyol. Moreover, theamount of hydroxybenzoic acid used to esterify the aliphatichydroxy-functional polymer or C₁₂₋₄₀ polyhydric alcohol ranges fromabout 0.05 to 1.25 equivalents of hydroxybenzoic acid to 1.0 equivalentsof polymer or alcohol, preferably 0.25 to 1.0 equivalents ofhydroxybenzoic acid to 1.0 equivalents of polymer or alcohol.

The reaction can be performed either with or without catalyst. While thereaction can be made to proceed to completion and form a good qualityesterphenol-capped oligomer without a catalyst, the addition of propercatalysts can be beneficial in accelerating the reaction. Suitablecatalysts for the reaction include numerous oxides, salts, andalcoholates of Group II to V metals, like Zn, Sn, Al, Mn, and Ti whichare known as esterification and trans-esterification catalysts. Othercatalysts include such metalloid compounds as B₂ O₃, H₃ BO₃, Sb₂ O₃, As₂O₃, etc. The catalyst employed can also be a weak acid such asphosphorous acid, phosphoric acid, or hypophosphorous acid, or a strongacid catalyst such as p-toluene sulfonic acid and methane sulfonic acid.These catalysts can be used in quantities ranging from about 0.01 wt. %to about 2.0 wt. %.

In some cases, no solvent is required during the synthesis of theesterphenol-capped liquid polymer or polyol. In other cases, one or moresolvents can be used to dissolve the reactants. If a solvent is used, itshould be inert during the esterification reaction. Hydrocarbon solventsare preferable and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are most preferable.

Water off-take is used to monitor the reaction and to determine theappropriate time to terminate the reaction which can vary from about 4hours to about 30 hours, more preferably from 6 to 20 hours. Therelative amounts of compounds I and II, and III are determined by thestoichiometry, or the amounts of hydroxybenzoic acid used.

It has been found that minimizing hydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylationcan also be achieved by minimizing or eliminating certain impuritieswhich catalyze the decarboxylation. Such impurities are basic compounds,particularly alkaline or alkaline earth metal salts of weak acids. Themost prevalent of these basic impurities is the potassium salt of PHBAand/or potassium phenolate, which are frequently present as impuritiesin commercial PHBA. The potassium salt presence arises from incompleteneutralization of the potassium para-hydroxybenzoate or potassiumphenoxide, which are intermediates in the manufacture of PHBA. Otherbasic compounds, which react with PHBA to give the PHBA anion alsoaccelerate decarboxylation. To this end it has been found that to avoiddecarboxylation high purity PHBA with very low levels of a base such asthe potassium salt should be used. Another way to avoid thedecarboxylation is to neutralize the basic impurities with the acidwhich is used to catalyze the esterification process. In the latterapproach, care must be taken to avoid an excess of the acidic catalyst,since the excess would tend to be harmful to the properties of the bakedfilm. Preferably, the esterification reaction mixture contains nogreater than 0.2%, more preferably no greater than 0.01%, and morepreferably no greater than 0.0001% of basic impurities, particularlyalkaline or alkaline earth metal salts of weak acids such as thepotassium salt of PHBA or potassium phenolate.

The present invention deals with the novel coating vehicle formed bycombining component (a), amino crosslinking agent, and (optionally) asolvent. Application of the formulated coating can be made viaconventional methods such as spraying, roller coating dip coating, etc.,and then the coated system is cured by baking. The same or differentsolvent(s) which are optionally used during the synthesis of theesterphenol-capped polymeric or polyol vehicle to dissolve reactants mayalso be added during the formulation of the coating composition toadjust viscosity so as to provide a formulation with a viscosity usuallybetween about 10 centipoise to 10 poise. One or more solvents can beused. In many cases, a single solvent is used to solubilize the system.However, in other cases it is often desirable to use mixtures ofsolvents in order to effect the best solubilization, and in particular acombination of aromatic solvents with oxygenated solvents. Suitablearomatic solvents include toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, tetralin,naphthalene, and solvents which are narrow cut aromatic solventscomprising C₈ to C₁₃ aromatics such as those marketed by Exxon CompanyU.S.A. under the name Aromatic 100, Aromatic 150, and Aromatic 200. Theoxygenated solvents should not be extremely polar such as to becomeincompatible with the aromatic solvents. Suitable oxygenated solventsinclude propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycolpropyl ether acetate, ethyl ethoxypropionate, dipropylene glycolmonomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propyleneglycol monopropyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate,ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethylether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethylether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, Dibasic ester (amixture of esters of dibasic acids marketed by DuPont), ethyl acetate,n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate,amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, mixtures of hexyl acetates such as thosesold by Exxon Chemical Company under the brand name Exxate® 600,mixtures of heptyl acetates such as those sold by Exxon Chemical Companyunder the brand name Exxate® 700, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, methylheptyl ketone, isophorone, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec.-butanol,isobutanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanols, and heptanols. Thelist should not be considered as limiting, but rather as examples ofsolvents which are useful in the present invention. The type andconcentration of solvents are generally selected to obtain formulationviscosities and evaporation rates suitable for the application andbaking of the coatings. Typical solvent concentrations in theformulations range from 0 to about 75% by weight with a preferred rangebetween about 5 and 50% and a most preferred range between about 10 and40%. For the preparation of high solids coatings, the amount of solventused in the coating formulation is preferably less than 40% of theweight of the formulation.

Satisfactory baking schedules for formulations of the present inventionvary widely including, but not limited to, low temperature bakes ofabout 20 to 30 minutes at temperatures between 200° to 220° F. for largeequipment applications and high temperature bakes of about 5 to 10seconds in 600° to 700° F. air for coil coating applications. Ingeneral, the substrate and coating should be baked at a sufficientlyhigh temperature for a sufficiently long time so that essentially allsolvents are evaporated from the film and chemical reactions between thepolymer and the crosslinking agent proceed to the desired degree ofcompletion. The desired degree of completion also varies widely anddepends on the particular combination of cured film properties requiredfor a given application.

Required baking schedules also depend on the type and concentration ofcatalysts added to the formulations and on the thickness of the appliedcoating film. In general. thinner films and coatings with higherconcentrations of catalyst cure more easily, i.e., at lower temperaturesand/or shorter baking times.

Acid catalysts may be used to cure systems containing hexamethoxymethylmelamine and other amino crosslinking agents, and a variety of suitableacid catalysts are known to one skilled in the art for this purpose.These include, for example, p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonicacid, nonylbenzene sulfonic acid, dinonylnapthalene disulfonic acid,dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phenyl acid phosphate,butyl phosphate, butyl maleate, and the like or a compatible mixture ofthem. These acid catalysts may be used in their neat, unblocked form orcombined with suitable blocking agents such as amines. Typical examplesof unblocked catalysts are the King Industries, Inc. products with thetradename K-Cure®. Examples of blocked catalysts are the KingIndustries. Inc. products with the tradename NACURE®.

The amount of catalyst employed typically varies inversely with theseverity of the baking schedule. In particular, smaller concentrationsof catalyst are usually required for higher baking temperatures orlonger baking times. Typical catalyst concentrations for moderate bakingconditions (15 to 30 minutes at 275° F.) would be about 0.3 to 0.5 wt. %catalyst solids per polymer plus crosslinking agent solids. Higherconcentrations of catalyst up to about 2 wt. % may be employed for curesat lower temperature or shorter times; cures at higher temperatures orlonger times may not require an acid catalyst.

For formulations of this invention containing hexamethoxymethyl melamineas the crosslinking agent and p-toluene sulfonic acid as the catalyst,preferred curing conditions at dry film thickness of about 1 mil arecatalyst concentration between about 0 and 0 6 wt % (solids per polymerplus crosslinking agent solids), baking temperature between 250° and400° F. and baking time between about 5 and 60 minutes Most preferredcuring conditions are catalyst concentration between about 0 and 0.3 wt.%, baking temperature between about 300° and 350° F. and baking timebetween about 20 and 40 minutes.

As described above, the liquid polymeric vehicles of the invention arecharacterized by improved weather resistance. However, additionalimprovements in this and other properties can be achieved by formulationwith stabilizers and stabilizing systems Among compounds providingimprovements in weather resistance are HALS (hindered amine lightstabilizers), UV-screeners, antioxidants, etc. To achieve the desiredcolor, the liquid polymeric vehicle can be formulated with variouspigments. If pigment is added to the coating formulation, then the ratioof pigment to esterphenol-capped polymer or polyol and aminocrosslinking agent desirably ranges from about 0.5 : 1 0 to 2.0 : 1.0,preferably from about 0.8 1.0 to 1.1 1.0. Another formulating tool toimprove weather resistance are silicone resins used to replace part ofbasic polymer material and impart better weather resistance to the wholesystem. All of these formulating approaches can be used with the liquidpolymeric vehicles of the present invention.

The following examples illustrate but are not intended to limit thescope of this invention.

EXAMPLES

The following example shows the preparation of a polyesterdiol in atypical process.

EXAMPLES 1

Into a 21-1, four-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,heating mantle, nitrogen sparger, 10 inch column packed with glass beadson top of which is a Dean Stark trap and chilled water condenser, andthermometer fitted with temperature controller, are charged 222 g.phthalic anhydride (PA), 219 g. adipic acid (AA). 468 g. neopentylglycol (NPG), and 200 g. Aromatic 150 solvent (a narrow-cut solvent ofC₉ -C₁₂ aromatics marketed by Exxon Company USA). The contents areheated to melting, stirred, and heating is continued to about 160° C.where the solvent/water azeotrope starts to distill out. The solvent iscontinuously removed from the Dean Stark trap and returned to the flask.Water removal is used to monitor the reaction. Heating is continued andthe temperature allowed to rise as the water is removed to a finaltemperature of 207° C. The reaction is stopped after the theoreticalamount of water has been removed, which takes 8 hours. The product iscooled and discharged. The product has an NVM (nonvolatile matter)=841%, acid number 5.8, hydroxyl number 168, and a reduced viscosity of0.058 for a 10% solution in glacial acetic acid. This polyester diol canbe abbreviated as follows: NPG/AA/PA : 3/1/1.

Other similar polyester diols are prepared in this manner by simplysubstituting different monomers, monomer ratios, and solvents.

The following example shows that the preparation of anesterphenol-capped polyester (PHBA/NPG/AA/PA) in accordance with EPA0287233 using an excess of PHBA at an elevated temperature (ca. 230° C.)with a strong acid catalyst results in a highly colored product with alarge amount of phthalic anhydride formed during the second step bydecomposition of the polyester diol backbone.

EXAMPLE 2

Phthalic anhydride (740 g., 5.0 mole), adipic acid (730 g., 5.0 mole),neopentyl glycol (1560 g., 15.0 mole), and xylene (130 g.) are chargedto a 5-liter, 4-necked flask equipped with a thermometer, heatingmantle, stirrer driven by an air motor, and a Dean Stark trap. A watercondenser is attached to the top of the Dean Stark trap to providereflux. The reactor system is sparged with a light stream of nitrogen(40 cc/min). The solids are heated and stirring is initiated when thesolids begin to melt. Water formation begins when the reactortemperature is 150° C. The temperature slowly rises to 230° C. over aperiod of 7 hours. Analysis of the aqueous overhead by gaschromatography indicates that neopentyl glycol codistills with water atthese conditions. The reaction mixture is refluxed an additional 6 hoursat 230° C. and then stripped of solvent. The non volatile material (NVM)of the product is˜97% (1 hr. at 150° C.). The acid number is 1.4 mgKOH/g. Analysis of the aqueous overhead indicates that 168 g. ofneopentyl glycol is lost due to distillation. The oligoester diol has afinal overall composition of NPG/AA/PA equal to 2.68/1/1. The totalyield is 3141 g. Only a trace of residual PA is present, as shown byI.R. and the low acid number.

Part of the above oligoester diol (2293 g.) is recharged to the sameapparatus along with PHBA (1537 g.), p-TSA (7.6 g.), and Aromatic 150(364 g.). The effluent gas is passed through a small column containingDrienete (water trap) and subsequently through a column packed withAscarite (CO₂ trap). The slurry is heated with stirring. Water formationoccurs at -190° C. The temperature slowly rises to 230° C. over a periodof 9 hours. The reaction mixture is maintained at 230° C. for anadditional 9 hours to complete the esterification. The yield is 3979 g.The non volatile material (1 hours at 150° C.) is 82%. Gardner color ofthe product is 14. An intrared spectrum indicates the presence of 14%(weight) phthalic anhydride dissolved in the product. ¹³ C NMR confirmsthe level of phthalic anhydride in the product. Approximately 0 2% ofthe charged PHBA undergoes decarboxylation during the reaction (based onCO.sub. 2 trapped).

The following example shows an improved, lower temperature. one-stepprocess for preparation of an esterphenol-capped polyester in accordancewith this invention which yields a low color product which contains onlya small amount of PA.

EXAMPLE 3

Into the same apparatus used in Example 1, are charged 312 g. NPG, 290g. para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), 148 g. PA, 146 g. AA (PHBA/NPG/AA/PA2/3/1/1), and 200 g. Aromatic 100 solvent (a narrow-cut C₈ -C₁₀ aromaticsolvent marketed by Exxon Company USA).

The flask and its contents are heated to melting, stirred, and heatingis continued to 150° C. where the solvent water azeotrope starts todistill out. The solvent is continuously returned to the reaction flaskand the water formation is used to monitor the reaction. Heating iscontinued and the temperature is allowed to rise as the water isremoved. After two hours, the conversion is 58% and the temperature is175° C.; the rate of water removal and temperature rise is significantlyreduced. In order to accelerate the reaction, 60 g. of the solvent isremoved from the system, allowing the rate of temperature rise and waterremoval to increase significantly. After 4 additional hours, thetemperature is 194° C. and the conversion is 87% of theoretical based onwater removal. Then the temperature is raised to 198° C. for anadditional 8 hours. The conversion is essentially quantitative. Theproduct in the flask is cooled to ca. 180° C. and 60 g. of Aromatic 100is added to decrease the viscosity. The NVM is 76.4%. phenol hydroxylnumber is 129, acid number is 28.3, and the reduced viscosity is 0.055for a 10% solution in glacial acetic acid. The Gardner color is <1. TheIR and NMR spectra are consistent with the desired structure, and showonly a small amount (ca. 0.4 wt. %) of phthalic anhydride in theproduct.

In a similar manner, other polymers can be prepared by varying themonomer quantity and/or type. Other solvents can also be employed. Withthe changes, somewhat different temperature/time relationships will beencountered.

EXAMPLE 4

The same apparatus used in example 1 is used except the flask is changedto 5. The charge is 1092 g. NPG, 1050 g. PHBA, and 400 g. Aromatic 100solvent (a narrow-cut solvent of C₇ -C₉ aromatics marketed by ExxonCompany U.S.A.) The flask and its contents are heated to melting,stirred, and heating is continued to 170° C. where the solvent/waterazeotrope starts to distill out. The temperature is held at 170°-180° C.for 11 hours during which time 137 g. of water layer is distilled out.The flask and its contents are cooled to room temperature, and 511 g. AAand 518 g. PA are charged into the reactor. Then the flask and itscontents are heated from 170°-198° C. over a period of 13 hours and 203g. of water layer are removed. The system is cooled to about 160° C. and544 g. Aromatic 100 solvent is added, and the resultant mixture iscooled to room temperature. The NVM is 73.6%, acid number is 42.3%, andthe phenol hydroxyl number is 101. The IR and NMR spectra are consistentwith the proposed esterphenol-capped polyester structure. The color isvery low and only a trace of PA is in the product.

The following example shows the preparation of an esterphenol-cappedpolyester in a one-step procedure which is modified by raising thereaction temperature during the final stage of the reaction to increasethe reaction rate.

EXAMPLE 5

Into the same apparatus used in example 3 are charged 1050 g. PHBA, 511g. AA, 518 g. PA, 1092 g. NPG, and 150 g. xylene. The flask and itscontents are heated to melting, stirring is started, and heating iscontinued to 154° C. where the solvent/water azeotrope starts to distillout. The temperature is increased gradually to 200° C. over a period of5 hours, and 267 g. water (82% theoretical) is removed. The heating iscontinued to 230° over 6 hours and an additional 59 g. water is removed.The water removal is essentially quantitative. The product is cooled to150° C. and 675 g. xylene is added. The contents are cooled to roomtemperature and discharged. The NVM is 75.9%, acid number is 23, thephenol hydroxyl number is 105, and the amount of CO2 evolutioncorresponds to 2.7% PHBA decarboxylation.

The following example demonstrates different catalysts that are used forthe synthesis of esterphenol-capped polyesters.

EXAMPLE 6

The synthetic procedure is the same as described in Example 5, and anumber of different catalysts are used in various concentrations, asshown below. The reaction temperature range, the reaction time, and thelevel of conversion are also shown.

    ______________________________________                                                  Catalyst              Time, Conver-                                 Catalysts Range, Wt. %                                                                              Temp. °C.                                                                        Hours sion, %                                 ______________________________________                                        H.sub.3 PO.sub.4                                                                        1.0         170-220   23    100                                     H.sub.3 PO.sub.3                                                                        0.2-0.45    165-200    9    100                                     Sn(II) 2-ethyl-                                                                         0.1-0.3     140-220   10     96                                     hexanoate                                                                     B.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                         0.1         160-230   12     91                                     H.sub.3 BO.sub.3                                                                        0.2-0.4     150-220   23     98                                     CH.sub.3 SO.sub.3 H                                                                     0.075-0.15  160-200   10    100                                     SnO       0.1-0.2     180-208    9    100                                     CaO       0.05-0.1    156-215   12     99                                     Zn Acetate                                                                              0.24        165-210   14     98                                     As.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                        0.1         190-213   16    100                                     ______________________________________                                    

The following example demonstrates the preparation of clear paintformulations.

EXAMPLE 7

A typical clear formulation is prepared by adding the followingingredients into a clean glass jar (or metal can):

    ______________________________________                                        20.6 g                                                                              of an esterphenol-capped polyester resin similar                              to that described in Example 2 (76.5% nonvolatile)                      5.2 g hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM) as Cymel˜  303                  1.8 g methyl amyl ketone                                                      1.8 g methyl ethyl ketone                                                     0.6 g Byk-Chemie Product VP-451 diluted to 25% in n-BuOH                            (amine blocked catalyst, 4.45% active p-TSA after                             dilution with n-BuOH)                                                   30.0 g                                                                              total                                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The jar or can is then capped and sealed, placed on a roller and mixeduntil a homogeneous solution is obtained (about 30 minutes). Aftermixing the jar or can is allowed to stand about another 30 minutes toremove all air bubbles. The solution is then ready for application onmetal test panels via drawdown rods or spray equipment. This particularsolution has the following calculated characteristics:

nonvolatile content of 70 wt. %, Cymel™ 303 (HMMM) at 25 wt. % of thebinder solids (polyester+HMMM)

catalyst at 0.13 wt. % p-TSA on binder solids

Similar formulations are made with many different polyester resins oresterphenol-capped polyester resins. Other variations include Cymel™ 303concentrations between 18 and 40 wt. % of binder solids; nonvolatilecontents between 50 and 75 wt. %; amine-blocked p-TSA, potassiumneodecanoate, phosphorous acid or phosphoric acid catalysts; catalystlevels between 0 and 1.5 wt. % on binder solids; a variety of solventsincluding mixtures of xylene, EXXATE® 600 (a mixture of hexyl acetatessold by Exxon Chemical Company), n-BuOH, Aromatic 100, Aromatic 150,methyl amyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone; and concentrations of theDow Corning 57 flow additive between 0 and 0.1 wt. % of the totalformulations.

For some of the more viscous resins, the procedure is altered slightlyso that the polyester resin and the solvent are added to the jar first.This diluted resin solution is warmed in a steam bath and then mixed ona roller until a homogeneous solution is obtained. After this solutioncools to room temperature the remaining ingredients are added and thecomplete formulation is again mixed on a roller to obtain a homogeneoussolution.

The following example describes the preparation of pigmented paints.

EXAMPLE 8

Pigmented paints are generally prepared by grinding titanium dioxide(TiO₂) into the clear formulations using a high speed disk dispersersuch as the Byk-Chemie DISPERMAT® Model CV. First a mill base containingTiO₂, polyester resin or esterphenol-capped polyester resin, and solventis ground; then this mill base is let down with the remainingingredients in the formulation. Specific weights for one paint are givenbelow:

Mill Base

300 g of an esterphenol-capped polyester resin (similar to that resindescribed in Example 2 but NVM=85.5%)

300 g TiO₂ (DuPont TI-PURE® R-960)

20 g Xylene

Complete Formulation

220 g Mill Base

9.6 g esterphenol-capped polyester resin (nonvolatile content 85.5%)

31.1 g Cymel™ 303 (HMMM)

2.0 g Byk-Chemie Product VP-451 (amine blocked p-TSA)

21.7 g EXXATE® 700 Solvent (a mixture of heptyl acetates sold by ExxonChemical Company)

29.7 g Xylene

This particular paint has a nonvolatile content of 75.5 wt. %, apigment/binder weight ratio of 0.8, a HMMM concentration of 24 wt. % ofbinder and a catalyst level of 0.27 wt. % p-TSA on binder. Other paintshave been made with different resins; HMMM concentrations between 20 and35 wt. % of binder; amine-blocked p-TSA, potassium neodecanoate orphosphoric acid catalysts; catalyst levels between 0 and 0.6 wt. % onbinder; pigment/binder weight ratios between 0.8 and 1.1 and a varietyof solvents including mixtures of Aromatic 100, Aromatic 150, xylene,n-BuOH, EXXATE° 600 solvent, EXXATE® 700 solvent, methyl amyl ketone andmethyl ethyl ketone.

A few commercial pigment wetting/dispersing additives are also used insome paints. These include Byk-Chemie ANTI-TERRA® U, DuPont ELVACITE® AB1015 and ICI SOLSPERSE 24000. They are used at concentrations between 1and 2.5 wt. % active ingredient on pigment. Dow Corning 57 flow additiveis also added to some formulations, typically at a concentration of 0.1wt. % of the formulation.

The following example describes the preparation of cured films.

EXAMPLE 9

Thin films of formulations described in Examples 7 or 8 are applied tosteel test panels via drawdowns and/or air spray. The basic proceduresare outlined in ASTM Test Procedure D823-87, Methods A and E. Testpanels are either untreated Type QD or Type S colled rolled steel panelsobtained from the Q-Panel Company or polished, BONDERITE® 1000(iron-phosphate treatment) panels obtained from the Parker-AmchemCompany. Panel sizes are either 4"×8", 3"×6", 6"×12" or 3"×5".

A model 310277 Automatic Test Panel Spray Machine made by Spraymation,Inc. is used to spray panels (Method A above); wire-wound drawdown rodsand in some cases a Precision Laboratory Drawdown Machine (both from thePaul N. Gardner Company) are used to apply films via handpulleddrawdowns (Method E). Target dry film thicknesses are 1 mil.

After wet films are applied as described above, panels are allowed toflash-off solvents for about 10 minutes at room temperature. The filmsare then cured by baking them in a large oven. All panels lay in ahorizontal position during flash-off and baking.

Baking schedules range from 10 to 60 minutes at temperatures between220° and 350° F.

The following example describes the film property evaluations which areconducted with many of the cured panels described in Example 9.

EXAMPLE 10

    ______________________________________                                        Property/Test   ASTM Reference                                                                             Comment                                          ______________________________________                                        Knoop Hardness  D1474                                                         Pencil Hardness D3363        1                                                Direct Impact   D2794        2                                                Reverse Impact  D2794        2                                                Flexibility     D1737        3                                                Adhesion        D3359                                                         Chemical Resistances                                                                          D1308        4                                                10% HCl                                                                       10% NaOH                                                                      Distilled H2O                                                                 Methyl Ethyl Ketone                                                           Xylene                                                                        Salt Spray (Fog)                                                                              B117         5                                                Humidity        D2247        6                                                Weathering      G53          7                                                Permeability    D1653        8                                                MEK Rubs        D3732        9                                                ______________________________________                                    

Comments for Example 10

1. Gouge hardness reported (not scratch hardness).

2. 5/8 inch punch with 0.64 inch die; BONDERITE® 1000 or QD panels.Values are generally higher for QD panels.

3. Cylindrical mandrel.

4. 24 hour spot tests; overall ratings: exc>good>fair>poor; exc means noproblems other than film softening during exposure and full hardnessrecovery after 24 hr; poor indicates film lifted off surface orblistered; good and fair indicate some softening after recovery and/orvisual gloss change (hazing); visual observations and pencil hardnessmeasurements made at 1 and 24 hours exposure and after 24 hr recoverywith chemical removed.

5. Panels have "X" scribe (about 1.5 in long) near bottom of panels; 0to 10 (best) ratings according to ASTM standardized scoring system forcorrosion/rusting (ASTM D610) and blister size (ASTM D714); blisterfrequency also according to ASTM D714; reported value is for corrosionunder film after 260 hr exposure.

6. Similar scoring as for Salt Spray (comment 5 above); no scribes onthese panels; reported value is again for under film corrosion but after570 hr exposure.

7. Accelerated weathering with Quv tester employing UVB-313 bulbs fromQ-Panel Company; testing cycle 4 hr UV at 60° C. alternating with 4 hrmoisture at 50° C.; reported value is 20 degree gloss loss (%) after 500hours total exposure; glosses measured in accordance with ASTM D523;observations for checking (ASTM D660), cracking (ASTM D661), chalking(ASTM D659), corrosion (ASTM D610) and blistering (ASTM D714) also made.

8. Water vapor permeability via Method B, condition B of ASTM D1653;values reported in g/m² /24 hr.

9. MEK=methyl ethyl ketone; general solvent rub method described inparagraph 5.2 of ASTM D3732; maximum value tested is 250.

The following example shows that capping a polyester diol with anesterphenol substantially improves the mechanical properties of thecoating film.

EXAMPLE 11

Two polyester diols and the corresponding esterphenol-capped polyesterdiols are prepared as in Example 1 and Example 3. The resins are used toprepare identical formulations with 35% Cymel™ 303 and 0.15% p-TSA, andclear films are made by baking 30 minutes at 350°F. The following TableI shows that films from the capped polymers had a significantimprovement in hardness and weatherability. The improvement in hardnessis about 7-9 Knoop hardness units, and there is total retention of theimpact values. In addition, the weatherability is improved dramaticallyfor the esterphenol-capped polyester. After 306 hours in a QUV tester,the esterphenol-capped polymer retained about 60-80% of its initialgloss, while the uncapped polymers retained only 11-15% of their gloss.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                                                              % QUV                                                                         Gloss                                                          Knoop   Reverse                                                                              Retention                               Monomer        Calc'd. Hard-   Impact*                                                                              After                                   Type      Ratio    M.W.    ness  In lb. 306 Hrs.                              ______________________________________                                        NPG/AA/PA 3/1/1     550    11.4  147    11                                    NPG/AA/PA/                                                                              3/1/1/2   790    18.1  157    81                                    PHBA                                                                          NPG/AA/PA 5/2/2    1000     2.3  153    15                                    NPG/AA/PA/                                                                              5/2/2/2  1240    11.1  158    60                                    PHBA                                                                          ______________________________________                                         *Bonderite ® 1000 Panels                                             

The following example shows the effects of curing conditions on hardnessand impact strengths of the clear films.

EXAMPLE 12

An esterphenol-capped polyester is prepared in a method similar to thatused in example 5, with the ratio of monomers NPG/AA/PA/PHBA: 3/1/1/2.Clear formulations of this resin were made with 0.25% catalyst (blockedp-TSA) and various amounts of crosslinking agent (HMMM) in the manner ofExample 7. Clear panels are prepared in the manner of Example 9, and thedifferent formulations are then cured under various conditions of baketime and bake temperatures. The hardness and reverse impact values forthe various panels are shown in Table II. An increase in bake time orbake temperature usually results in increased hardness and decreasedreverse impact.

                  TABLE II                                                        ______________________________________                                        Weight    Bake    Bake      Reverse                                           HMMM/     Temp.   Time      Hardness                                                                             Impact*                                    Polymer   (°F.)                                                                          (Min.)    (Knoop)                                                                              (In lb.)                                   ______________________________________                                        0.33      300     10        14.8   160                                        0.33              40        18.5   160                                        0.33      350     10        19.4   140                                        0.33              40        25.6   110                                        0.5       325     10        18.4   160                                        0.5               40        21.3    60                                        0.25      325     10        12.4    0                                         0.25              40        12.4    2                                         ______________________________________                                         *Bonderite ® 1000 Panels                                             

The following example shows the effect of catalyst level on clear filmproperties.

EXAMPLE 13

A resin similar to the one described in Example 12 is formulated with aratio of 0.35/1 Cymel™/polymer and catalyzed at three levels with p-TSA.The clear panels are baked 30 minutes at 350° F. and the mechanicalproperties are measured. As shown in Table III, the hardness isrelatively unaffected while the reverse impact increases with decreasingcatalyst level.

                  TABLE III                                                       ______________________________________                                        p-TSA cat.,                                                                   % on            Knoop    Reverse                                              Polymer         Hardness Impact*                                              ______________________________________                                        0.8             19.4      45                                                  0.4             20.1      80                                                  0.2             18.1     160                                                  ______________________________________                                         *Bonderite ® 1000 Panels                                             

The following example shows the effect of Cymel™ 303 levels on clearfilm properties.

EXAMPLE 14

The same resin from Example 13 is formulated with a constant level ofp-TSA catalyst (0.8%) and varying levels of Cymel™ 303 crosslinkingagent. The clear panels are baked 15 minutes at 350° F. and themechanical properties are measured. As shown in Table IV, reverse impactdecrease with increasing crosslinking agent, while hardness is notaffected.

                  TABLE IV                                                        ______________________________________                                        Wt.                                                                           Cymel˜ ™/                                                                           Coating Properties                                             Wt.            Knoop    Reverse                                               Polymer        Hardness Impact*                                               ______________________________________                                        0.35           20.5     320                                                   0.50           19.7     160                                                   0.65           20.9      40                                                   ______________________________________                                         *Bonderite ® 1000 panels                                             

The following example lists some other esterphenol-capped polyesterresins which have been synthesized

EXAMPLE 15

Several other esterphenol-capped polyester resins are systhesized viathe procedures in Examples 3 and 4, and the list is shown in Table V.

                  TABLE V                                                         ______________________________________                                        Monomer Composition  Mol. Wt.,  Hydroxyl                                      PHBA  NPG     AA     IPA.sup.(1)                                                                          PA   Calculated                                                                             No.                                 ______________________________________                                        2     2       1      0      0    558      201                                 2     2       0.5    0.5    0    568      198                                 2     2.5     1.5    0      0    665      169                                 2     2.5     1.12   0.38   0    673      167                                 2     3       2      0      0    772      145                                 2.1   3       1      0      1    792      142                                 2     3       1      1      0    792      142                                 2.1   5       2      0      2    1240      91                                 ______________________________________                                         .sup.(1) IPA = isophthalic acid                                          

The following example shows that different cure catalyst systems cangive very different clear film properties, and the variation in thesefilm properties can vary with the resin system used.

EXAMPLE 16

The esterphenol-capped polyester similar to that of Example 12 and ablend of 60% of this same material with 40% of the correspondinguncapped polyester diol are prepared. Each of the materials isformulated with 33% Cymel™ 303, a mixed aromatic/alcohol solvent,catalyzed, applied to a cold rolled steel panel with a drawdown bar witha thickness sufficient to give a 1 mil baked clear film, and baked 30minutes at 350° F. Three formulations are generated for each resinsystem, and different catalyst systems are used, including (1) p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) (0.14% on binder), (2) none, and (3) 0.5 wt. %potassium neodecanoate. The results, shown in Table VI, demonstrate thatfor the pure esterphenol-capped polymer, the base catalyzed system issuperior, based on the combined properties of hardness and impact.However, for the blend of esterphenol-capped polyester and uncappedpolyesterdiol, the base catalyzed system gives the poorest results,while the best results are achieved with the non-catalyzed system. Theoptimum choice of catalyst system depends on the resin system, and thischoice varies from system to system.

                  TABLE VI                                                        ______________________________________                                                                            Rev.                                                     Catalyst    Knoop    Impact,                                   Oligomer       System      Hardness In lbs*                                   ______________________________________                                        (1) Esterphenol-capped                                                                           p-TSA       34      50                                         polyester      None        30     180                                                        Potassium   36     100                                                        Neodecanoate                                               (2) Blend of esterphenol-                                                                        p-TSA       29     100                                         capped polyester and                                                                         None        22     180                                         polyester diol Potassium    4     <10                                                        Neodecanoate                                               ______________________________________                                         *QD Panels                                                               

The following example describes the preparation of an Isophthalic acidcontaining esterphenol-capped polyester via a staged addition technique.

EXAMPLE 17

NPG (3.0 mole, 312 g.), isophthalic acid (IPA) (1.0 mole, 166 g.) and130 g. of Aromatic 150 are charged to a 2-liter, 4-necked flask equippedwith a stirrer driven by an air motor, a heating mantle, thermometer,and a Dean Stark trap mounted on a 10 inch column packed with 20 gramsof 6 mm glass beads. A water condenser is attached to the top of theDean Stark trap to provide reflux. The reactor system is sparged with alight stream of nitrogen (40 cc/min). The effluent gas is passed througha small column containing Drierite (water trap) and subsequently througha column packed with Ascarite (CO₂ trap). The slurry is heated anddistillation of an azeotrope containing water, Aromatic 150 andneopentyl glycol begins at 195° C. The mixture is heated for about 3hours until all the IPA goes into solution (clear yellow solution) andthe temperature rises to about 200° C. Approximately 70 g. of aqueousphase has been collected at this stage of the reaction.

The solution is cooled and the reactors are charged with AA (1.0 mole,146 g.) and PHBA (2.0 mole, 276 g.). The aqueous overhead obtained inthe first stage, and containing some codistilled NPG, is charged to a125 ml dropping funnel which is attached to the reactor. The reactionmixture is then heated to ca. 165° C. at which time the aqueous overheadis dripped back into the reactor to return the NPG and the water isstripped overhead. After all the aqueous overhead has been recycled thetemperature gradually rises to 250° C. The loss of neopentyl glycolduring the reaction due to distillation is monitored by evaporation of asmall sample of the aqueous overhead and determining the amount ofresidue. Neopentyl glycol which is lost during synthesis is replacedwith fresh material so as to maintain the desired stoichiometry. Whengreater than 95% of the theoretical water is removed, the product iscooled and total conversion of the acid charged is determined bypotentiometric titration using methanol as a solvent. The extent ofdecarboxylation of PHBA is calculated based on the weight of CO₂ trappedduring the reaction as shown in Table VII of Example 18.

The following example describes the preparation of a number of IPAcontaining esterphenol-capped polyesters.

EXAMPLE 18

A number of different esterphenol-capped IPA containing polyesters areprepared via the procedure in Example 17. The backbone polyester diolscontain various ratios of three monomers, IPA, AA, and NPG. Increasingthe ratio of NPG to total diacid decreases the molecular weight of theesterphenol-capped polyester diol, and changing the ratio of AA and IPAalters the flexibility of the system. Some of the syntheses are run withphosphorous acid catalyst, while others utilized no catalyst at all. Theresults, shown in Table VII, include the acid number of the product, theamount of PHBA decarboxylation during the synthesis, the non-volatilematter of the final product, and the Gardner color.

                                      TABLE VII                                   __________________________________________________________________________    Feed Mole Ratio                            PHBA                               PHBA                                                                              NPG                                                                              AA IPA                                                                              Calc MW                                                                             Catalyst                                                                            Product Acid No                                                                        Hydroxyl Number                                                                        Dec. (%)                                                                           NVM (%)                                                                             Color                   __________________________________________________________________________                                                          (Gardner)               2   2  2  0   772  None  6.8      145.3    4.3  79.5  3                       2   3  1.5                                                                              0.5                                                                               782  H.sub.3 PO.sub.3                                                                    1.3      143.5    2.3  88.0  <1                      2   3  1.5                                                                              0.5                                                                               782  None  7.7      143.5    3.2  94.5  <1                      2   3  1.5                                                                              0.5                                                                               782  H.sub.3 PO.sub.3                                                                    32.7     143.5    --   87.2  2                       2   3  1.5                                                                              0.5                                                                               782  H.sub.3 PO.sub.3                                                                    2.0      143.5    2.8  81.0  1                       2   4  3.0                                                                              0   986  None  2.8      113.8    4.8  79.3  <1                      2   3  1  1  1016  None  8.5      110.4    5.2  82.3  2-3                     2   4  1.5                                                                              1.5                                                                              1016  H.sub.3 PO.sub.3                                                                    12.9     110.4    2.9  80.0  2                       2   4  1.5                                                                              1.5                                                                              1016  None  12.6     110.4    3.2  88.2  2                       2   5  3  1  1220  None  3.7       92.0    4.9  78.9  4                       2   6  5  0  1414  None  7.7        79.3   3.9  77.7  <1                      2   6  2.5                                                                              2.5                                                                              1464  None  4.4       76.6    4.9  79.7  5-6                     __________________________________________________________________________

The following example shows that a blend of an esterphenol-cappedpolyester and the corresponding polyester diol backbone from which itcan be derived can have better clear film properties than the pureesterphenol-capped polyester.

EXAMPLE 19

A polyesterdiol is prepared as in Example 1 using a monomer compositionof NPG/AA/PA: 3/1/1. In addition, the corresponding esterphenol-cappedpolymer is prepared similar to Example 3, using PHBA/NPG/AA/PA: 2/3/1/1.Then a blend is made of 80% esterphenol-capped polyester diol and 20% ofthe polyester diol. This blend is formulated with 25% Cymel™303 and 0.6%potassium neodecanoate, and clear panels are made and baked 30 minutesat 350° F. The pure esterphenol-capped polyester diol is formulated with25% Cymel™303 and 0.15% p-TSA, and clear panels are made and baked 15minutes at 350° F. The formulations and bake schedules are differentsince they have been adjusted to fit each system. The panels areevaluated in a number of tests and the results are shown in Table VIII.The results show the superiority of the blended system.

                  TABLE VIII                                                      ______________________________________                                        Esterphenol                                                                   Capped                                                                        Polyester                                                                     Property/Test      Diol    Blend                                              ______________________________________                                        Knoop Hardness     23      21                                                 Pencil Hardness    4H      5H                                                 Direct Impact*     26      >160                                               Reverse Impact*     3      >160                                               Flexibility        1/8     1/8                                                Adhesion           5B      5B                                                 Chemical Resistances                                                          10% HCl            exc     exc                                                10% NaOH           poor    exc                                                Distilled H.sub.2 O                                                                              exc     exc                                                Methyl Ethyl Ketone                                                                              good    exc                                                Xylene             good    exc                                                Salt Spray (Fog)    8      10                                                 Humidity           10       9                                                 Weathering         27      11                                                 Permeability         14.8    15.6                                             MEK Rubs           >250    78                                                 ______________________________________                                         *Bonderite ® 1000 Panels                                             

The following example demonstrates blends of esterphenol-cappedpolyesters with a number of commercial resins.

EXAMPLE 20

The polymer blend of Example 19, consisting of esterphenol-cappedpolyester diol and polyester diol, is blended with several commercialcoatings resins to see if satisfactory films can be obtained. Thecommercial resins includes acrylic, short, medium and long oil alkyd,epoxy/phenolic, epoxy/acrylic, aromatic and aliphatic urethane,nitrocellulose, chlorinated rubber and other polyester resins. In eachcase 1:10 and 10:1 by solids weight blends of the esterphenol-cappedpolyester system and the commercial resin are prepared by appropriatelycombining their clear formulations. The blend from Example 19 isformulated as in Example 19, while the commercial resin clearformulations are those recommended by the manufacturers with allpigments deleted.

All solutions are first checked for incompatibilities (turbidity orseparation). Those that are compatible are also drawn down, dried atroom temperature and rechecked for compatibility. For the survivingcompatible systems, films were then drawn down and baked using theschedule of the major resin component. Formulations which producedclear, non-tacky cured films after this baking/drying were consideredcompatible. Table VIII lists the specific commercial resins and theircompatibilities.

                  TABLE IX                                                        ______________________________________                                        Commercial  Resin       Bake       Compatible                                 Resin(manufacturer)                                                                       Type        Schedule   1:10 10:1                                  ______________________________________                                        57-5784 (Cargill)                                                                         polyester   10' @ 35° F.                                                                      yes  yes                                   AROPLAZ 6755 (1)                                                                          polyester   20' @ 325° F.                                                                     yes  yes                                   ACRYLOID    acrylic +   30' @ 300° F.                                                                     yes  yes                                   AT-63 (2)   HMMM                                                              ACRYLOID    acrylic +   10' @ 400° F.                                                                     yes  yes                                   AT-81,85    epoxy                                                             (2) + ARALDITE                                                                7071 (3)                                                                      ARALDITE    epoxy +     30' @ 350° F.                                                                     yes  yes                                   6097 (3)    phenolic                                                          DURITE P-97 (4)                                                               AROPLAZ 6235 (2)                                                                          short-oil alkyd                                                                           20' @ 300° F.                                                                     yes  yes                                   BECKOSOL    med-oil     air dry    no   no                                    11-081 (5)  alkyd       7 days                                                BECKOSOL    long-oil    "          no   no                                    10-060 (5)  alkyd                                                             DESMODUR    aliphatic   "          yes  yes                                   N-75 (6)    urethane                                                          MONDUR      aromatic    "          yes  yes                                   CB-75 (6)   urethane                                                          PARLON S20 (7)                                                                            chlorinated "          no   no                                                rubber                                                            1/2Second RS                                                                              Nitrocellulose                                                                            "          no   no                                    ______________________________________                                         MANUFACTURERS                                                                 (1) NL Chemicals                                                              (2) Rohm & Haas                                                                (3) Ciba Geigy                                                               (4) Borden Chemical                                                           (5) Reichhold Chemical                                                        (6) Mobay Chemical                                                            (7) Hercules, Inc.                                                       

The following example illustrates that a blend of a small amount of anesterphenol-capped polymer with a commercial alkyd resin improves thechemical resistance properties of the alkyd.

EXAMPLE 21

A non liquid-crystalline esterphenol-capped polyester is prepared fromPHBA/NPG/AA/PA: 2/3/1/1 following the procedure in Example 5. Thismaterial (80 parts) is then blended with 20 parts of the correspondingnon-capped polyesterdiol (NPG/AA/PA: 3/1/1). This modified esterphenolcapped mixture is then used to blend with a commercial alkyd resin(Aroplaz®6235 marketed by NL Chemicals) in the ratio of 89 wt. % alkydand 11 wt. % modified esterphenol. The blend is formulated with 26%Cymel™303, 0.47% of p-TSA, a mixture of aromatic/alcohol solvent, andpanels are prepared as in Example 9. The panels are compared with panelsmade from the alkyd without any esterphenol-capped polymer. Table Xshows the results of chemical resistance testing, and demonstrates asignificant improvement for the blended panels.

                  TABLE X                                                         ______________________________________                                                                               Deionized                                    10% HCl   10% NaOH  MEK    Xylene                                                                              Water                                  ______________________________________                                        Alkyd Fair      Poor      Good   Fair  Exc.                                   Blend Exc.      Good      Exc.   Exc.  Exc.                                   ______________________________________                                    

The following example demonstrates the importance of having anesterphenol-capped polyester resin with a Tg<40 to get good mechanicalproperties.

EXAMPLE 22

Three different esterphenol-capped polyester diols designated as EPCP 1.EPCP 2, and EPCP 3 in Table XI are synthesized via the procedure inExample 3; and two polyester diols designated as PEDIOL 1 (NPG/AA/PA:3/1/1 : Tg=-11° C.) and PEDIOL 2 (NPG/PA: 4/3: Tg=33° C.) in Table XIare synthesized via the procedure in Example 1. The Tg of the resins aredetermined by Torsional Braid analysis. Some of the resins are blendedwith each other to produce additional resins. The resins/blends areformulated with 33% Cymel™303, no cure catalyst, and are applied topanels which are baked for 30 minutes at 350° F. The results, shown inTable XI, demonstrate that the resins or blends of resins with Tg<40° C.formed clear films with a good combination of hardness and impact; whilethe resins and blends of resins with Tg>40° C. formed films with highhardness but essentially no reverse impact strength.

                                      TABLE XI                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                        Clear Film Properties                     Resin                                    Reverse Impact,*                     Type  Component %                                                                           Monomer Ratio                                                                             Calc'd MW                                                                           Tg, °C.                                                                    Hardness                                                                           In Lbs.                              __________________________________________________________________________    EPCP 1                                                                              100     PHBA/NPG/AA/PA                                                                            792   23  26    160                                               2/3/1/1                                                         EPCP 1                                                                              60                  696   8.4 15   >160                                 PEDIOL 1                                                                            40                                                                      EPCP 2                                                                              100     PHBA/NPG/AA/IPA                                                                           1240  16  15   >200                                               2/5/2/2                                                         EPCP 3                                                                              100     PHBA/NPG/PA 812   49  36     0                                                2/3/2                                                           EPCP 3                                                                              80                  811   45.7                                                                              24     0                                  PEDIOL 2                                                                            20                                                                      EPCP 3                                                                              60                  810   42.4                                                                              24     0                                  PEDIOL 2                                                                            40                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________     *QD Panels                                                               

The following example demonstrates preparation of an esterphenol-cappedacrylic resin.

EXAMPLE 23

Into a 1-1 flask equipped with a stirrer, heating mantle, Dean Starktrap, and nitrogen purging system, are placed 400 g of an acrylic resin(NVM 66.7%) with a monomer composition of 28.4 mole % hydroxyethylmethacrylate, 23.6 mole % styrene, and 48.6 mole % butyl acrylate. Then0.3 g. p-TSA in 100 g xylene and 86.2 g PHBA is added, and the system issparged with nitrogen (ca. 40 cc/min.).

The mixture is heated with stirring and water evolution begins at ca.166° C. After an additional heating period of 5 hours, 81% of thetheoretical amount of water has been formed. The product is cooled toroom temperature and discharged. The phenolic hydroxyl number is 102 mg.KOH/g. polymer, and the aliphatic hydroxyl number is 19.3 mg. KOH/g.polymer.

The following example demonstrates preparation of a pigmentedformulation and properties of panels made from it.

EXAMPLE 24

An esterphenol-capped polyester/polyester diol blend similar to the onesdescribed in Example 18 is formulated with titanium dioxide pigment, theICI dispersing agent SOLSPERSE 24000 and the Dow Corning 57 flowadditive. The formulation is prepared according to the proceduresoutlined in Example 7 with the following specifications:

    ______________________________________                                        MILL BASE (by weight)                                                         Polyester diol (71.4% solids)                                                                            7.5                                                SOLSPERSE 24000 solution (24% solids)                                                                    2.5                                                TiO.sub.2 (DuPont TI-PURE' R-960)                                                                        31.7                                               LET-DOWN (by weight)                                                          esterphenol-capped polyester diol                                                                        27.5                                               (73.6% solids)                                                                Polyester diol (71.4% solids)                                                                            5.7                                                HMMM (American Cyanamid Cymel ˜ 303)                                                               14.8                                               Dow Corning 57 (diluted to 25 wt % in n-BuOH)                                                            0.3                                                n-Butanol                  7.8                                                Aromatic 100               7.2                                                TOTAL (by weight)          100.0                                              ______________________________________                                    

Panels are drawn down as described in Example 8 and baked with aschedule of 30' at 350° F. Films are then evaluated using some of theprocedures outlined in Example 9. The following combination ofproperties is obtained:

    ______________________________________                                        Knoop Hardness  13                                                            Direct Impact   >160 in lb                                                    Reverse Impact    93 in lb                                                    20 Degree Gloss                                                               Initial         72                                                            After 250 hr Quv                                                                              36                                                            ______________________________________                                    

The following example demonstrates that alkali metal salts of weak basescatalyze the decarboxylation of PHBA during an esterification reaction.

EXAMPLE 25

A polyester diol is prepared as in Example 5. This diol is then reactedwith PHBA samples containing various amounts of the potassium salt ofPHBA, which are prepared by neutralization of PHBA with KOH followed byevaporation of the contained water. The reaction of the diol with thevarious PHBA samples is conducted as follows: 138 g. polyester diol, 92g. PHBA, the appropriate level of the potassium salt of PHBA, and 50 g.Aromatic 150 are placed in a 1-liter 4-necked flask equipped with athermometer, mechanical stirrer heating mantle, Dean Stark trap, and anitrogen inlet tube. A water chilled condenser is attached to the top ofthe Dean Stark trap. The reactor system is sparged with a light streamof nitrogen (40 cc/min). The effluent gas is passed through a smallcolumn containing Drierite (water trap) and subsequently through acolumn packed with Ascarete (CO₂ trap). The slurry is heated withstirring and the progress of the reaction is maintained by plotting thepercent water formed vs. reaction time. The extent of decarboxylation isdetermined at the end of the reaction time allowed from the weight ofcarbon dioxide which is trapped. The results are shown in Table XII. Thepercent of PHBA esterified is represented by "% PHBA Ester", and thepercent decarboxylated is represented by "% PHBA Decarb".

The results clearly show that higher potassium levels are associatedwith increased PHBA decarboxylation and resultant destruction along withdecreased PHBA esterification and incorporation into theesterphenol-capped oligomer.

                  TABLE XII                                                       ______________________________________                                                       Potassium                                                                              % PHBA                                                Polyester, g.                                                                           PHBA, g.   (ppm)      Ester  Decarb                                 ______________________________________                                        137.8     91.9         6        65.1   12.3                                   138.6     92.5        81        55.3   15.6                                   142.0     94.2       1781       23.6   74.6                                   136.6     91.1       6356       10     85.7                                   ______________________________________                                    

The following example demonstrates the preparation of anesterphenol-capped simple diol.

EXAMPLE 26

Into the same apparatus as used in Example 1, but 1 liter volume, arecharged 200 g. 1,12-dodecanediol, 290 g. PHBA, 5 g. phosphoric acid and100 g. xylene. The flask and its contents are heated to melting, thenstirred, and heating is continued to 170° C. where the solvent-waterazeotrope starts to distill out. The solvent is continuously returned tothe reaction flask and water formation is used to monitor the reaction.Heating is continued and the temperature is allowed to rise as the wateris removed. After six hours, the conversion is 56% and the temperatureis 199° C. The temperature is kept at 200°-210° C. over an additional 21hours. The conversion is essentially quantitative. The contents arecooled and discharged. The diester, which is a white solid, is dissolvedin acetone, and precipitated by addition of distilled H₂ O. Theresulting solid material is filtered and dried. The solid has amolecular weight of 440 and a phenol hydroxyl number=255.

The following example shows the preparation of esterphenol-cappedpolyester having a number average molecular weight of about 4000.

EXAMPLE 27

Into a 5-liter four-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,heating mantle, nitrogen sparger, 10 inch column, on top of which is aDean Stark trap and chilled water condenser, and thermometer fitted witha temperature controller, are charged 394 g. of phthalic anhydride (PA),742 g. of isophthalic acid (IPA), 1042 g. of neopentyl glycol (NPG). and150 g. Aromatic 100 solvent (a narrow-cut solvent of C₉ -C₁₂ aromaticsmarketed by Exxon Company USA). The contents are heated to melting,stirred, and heating is continued to about 170° C. where thesolvent/water azeotrope starts to distill out. Water removal is used tomaintain the reaction. Heating is continued and the temperature allowedto rise as the water is removed to a final temperature of ˜220° C. Thetotal overhead collected, which is principally a mixture of neopentylglycol and water, is 243 g. The reaction mixture is cooled and chargedwith 347 g. of adipic acid (AA) and 138 g. of p-hydroxybenzoic acid(PHBA). The contents of the reactor are stirred and heating is continueduntil the temperature reaches about 140° C. The overhead collected inthe first phase of the reaction is then added dropwise in order to stripthe water present in the overhead away from the NPG. Heating iscontinued and the temperature slowly rises to 250° C. as the waterformed due to the reaction distills. The reaction is stopped after thetheoretical amount of water is removed which takes about 19 hours. Thereaction product is cooled and the acid number is determined (7.0 mgs.ROH/g). The product is then diluted by adding 633 g. of ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate (EEP) and 510 g. of Aromatic 100 solvent. The non volatilematerial (NVM) measured is 65.5% (1 hour at 150° C.). The reducedviscosity of a 10% (w/v)of the resin (100% basis) in a 50/50 mixture ofglacial acetic acid and methyl amyl ketone (MAK) is 0.182 and the numberaverage molecular weight is about 4.000. This polyester can beabbreviated as follows:

    NPG/AA/PA/IPA/PHBA: 20/4.75/5.32/8.93/2

Paints were prepared as described in Example 8 and panels were made asdescribed in Example 9. The coatings exhibited excellent mechanicalproperties e.g.. O T-bend, reverse impact of greater than 200, hardnessvalues of 16 Knoops and 2H pencil hardness, MEK rubs of greater than 250and a cross hatch adhesion of 5B.

What is claimed:
 1. A liquid polymer composition liquid at roomtemperature comprising a homogeneous mixture of:a) a nonliquid-crystalline, esterphenol-capped polymer represented by theformula: ##STR18## wherein R is a polyvalent radical with a numberaverage molecular weight between about 200 and 10,000 derived from apolymer having at least 2 aliphatic hydroxy- or epoxy-functionalgroups;R¹ is a direct bond, C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbylene, or C₁₋₂₀oxyhydrocarbylene; R² is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl; and n is an integer between 2 and 10,inclusive; and b) an amount of an amino crosslinking agent effective forcuring the esterphenol-capped polymer;said esterphenol-capped polymercharacterized as being essentially free of mesogenic groups.
 2. Theliquid polymer composition of claim 1 wherein the glass transitiontemperature of the esterphenol-capped polymer is less than about 40° C.3. The liquid polymer composition of claim 2 wherein the glasstransition temperature of the esterphenol-capped polymer is betweenabout -40° to about 40° C.
 4. The liquid polymer composition of claim 3wherein the glass transition temperature of the esterphenol-cappedpolymer is between about -30° to about 35° C.
 5. The liquid polymercomposition of claim 4 wherein the glass transition temperature of theesterphenol-capped polymer is between about -20° to about 30° C.
 6. Theliquid polymer composition of claim 5 wherein n is an integer between 2and 6, inclusive.
 7. The liquid polymer composition of claim 6 wherein nis an integer between 2 and 4, inclusive.
 8. The liquid polymercomposition of claim 7 wherein the number average molecular weight of Ris between about 200 and
 6000. 9. The liquid polymer composition ofclaim 1 wherein R¹ is a direct bond.
 10. The liquid polymer compositionof claim 9 wherein R² is hydrogen.
 11. The liquid polymer composition ofclaim 1 wherein the aliphatic hydroxy- or epoxy-functional polymer is apolyester, an alkyd resin, an acrylic copolymer, or an epoxy resin. 12.The liquid polymer composition of claim 11 wherein the aliphatichydroxy-functional polymer is a polyester.
 13. The liquid polymercomposition of claim 12 wherein R¹ is a direct bond.
 14. The liquidpolymer composition of claim 13 wherein the polyester is thecondensation reaction product of at least one polyhydric alcohol and atleast one polybasic acid or acid derivative.
 15. The liquid polymercomposition of claim 14 wherein the number average molecular weight of Ris between about 200 and
 3000. 16. The liquid polymer composition ofclaim 15 wherein the number average molecular weight of R is betweenabout 200 and
 1500. 17. The liquid polymer composition of claim 16wherein n is
 2. 18. The liquid polymer composition of claim 17 whereinthe ratio of active crosslinking groups on the amino crosslinking agentto phenol groups on the esterphenol-capped polymer ranges from about1.0:1.0 to 15.0:1.0.
 19. The liquid polymer composition of claim 18wherein the ratio of active crosslinking groups on the aminocrosslinking agent to phenol groups on the esterphenol-capped polymerranges from about 1.5:1.0 to 4.0:1.0.
 20. The liquid polymer compositionof claim 19 wherein the amino crosslinking agent is derived from amelamine, a benzoguanamine, a urea, or a glycoluryl.
 21. The liquidpolymer composition of claim 20 wherein the amino crosslinking agent isderived from a melamine.
 22. The liquid polymer composition of claim 21wherein the melamine is hexamethoxymethylmelamine.
 23. The liquidpolymer composition of claim 1 wherein the non liquid-crystalline,esterphenol-capped polymer is represented by the formula: ##STR19##wherein R³ is a divalent radical with a number average molecular weightbetween about 200 and 1500 derived from an hydroxy-terminated polyester,said polyester prepared from the condensation reaction of at least onepolyhydric alcohol and at least one polybasic acid or acid derivative.24. The liquid polymer composition of claim 23 wherein at least onepolyhydric alcohol is neopentyl glycol, ethylene glycol, propyleneglycol, butanediol, hexamethylenediol, cyclohexane dimethanol,trimethylol propane, or pentaerythritol.
 25. The liquid polymercomposition of claim 24 wherein at least one polybasic acid or acidderivative is isophthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, terephthalic acid,adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, azelic acid,sebasic acid, dimer acid, maleic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid,trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride, or hexahydrophthalicanhydride.
 26. The liquid polymer composition of claim 1 furthercomprising an amount of a solvent effective to provide a coatingformulation with a viscosity between about 10 centipoise to 100 poise.27. The liquid polymer composition of claim 26 wherein the amount ofsolvent is less than 40 percent of the weight of the liquid polymercomposition.
 28. The liquid polymer composition of claim 1 furthercomprising an amount of an alkaline or alkaline earth metal salt of aweak acid effective to catalyze the crosslinking reaction.
 29. Theliquid polymer composition of claim 28 wherein the salt of a weak acidis potassium neodecanoate.
 30. The liquid polymer composition of claim 1further comprising a catalytically effective amount of an acid catalyst.31. The liquid polymer composition of claim 30 wherein the acid catalystis an alkyl or aromatic sulfonic acid or a blocked alkyl or aromaticsulfonic acid.
 32. The liquid polymer composition of claim 31 whereinthe acid catalyst is para-toluene sulfonic acid or blocked para-toluenesulfonic acid.
 33. The liquid polymer composition of claim 1 furthercomprising an amount of at least one pigment effective to provide adesired color to a film or surface coating prepared from the liquidpolymer composition.
 34. The liquid polymer composition of claim 33wherein the weight ratio of the pigment to the esterphenol-cappedpolymer and amino crosslinking agent ranges from about 0.2:1.0 to2.0:1.0.
 35. The liquid polymer composition of claim 34 wherein theweight ratio of the pigment to the esterphenol-capped polymer and aminocrosslinking agent ranges from about 0.5:1.0 to 1.1:1.0.
 36. A solid,crosslinked polymer composition prepared by curing the liquid polymercomposition of claim 1, 26, 28, 30 or
 33. 37. The liquid polyolcomposition comprising a homogeneous mixture of:a) a nonliquid-crystalline, esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol represented bythe formula: ##STR20## wherein R is a polyvalent radical derived from aC₁₂₋₄₀ polyhydric alcohol;R¹ is a direct bond, C₁₋₂₀ hydrocarbylene, orC₁₋₂₀ oxyhydrocarbylene; R² is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, or C₁₋₄ alkoxycarbonyl; and n is an integer between 2 and 10,inclusive; and b) an amount of an amino crosslinking agent effective forcuring the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol;said esterphenol-cappedpolyhydric alcohol characterized as being essentially free of mesogenicgroups.
 38. The liquid polyol composition of claim 37 wherein the glasstransition temperature of the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol isless than about 40° C.
 39. The liquid polyol composition of claim 38wherein the glass transition temperature of the esterphenol-cappedpolyhydric alcohol is between about -30° to about 35° C.
 40. The liquidpolyol composition of claim 39 wherein the glass transition temperatureof the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol is between about -20° toabout 30° C.
 41. The liquid polyol composition of claim 40 wherein n isan integer between 2 and 6, inclusive.
 42. The liquid polyol compositionof claim 41 wherein n is an integer between 2 and 4, inclusive.
 43. Theliquid polyol composition of claim 37 wherein R¹ is a direct bond. 44.The liquid polyol composition of claim 43 wherein R² is hydrogen. 45.The liquid polyol composition of claim 44 wherein the ratio of activecrosslinking groups on the amino crosslinking agent to phenol groups onthe esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol ranges from about 1.0:1.0 to15.0:1.0.
 46. The liquid polyol composition of claim 45 wherein theratio of active crosslinking groups on the amino crosslinking agent tophenol groups on the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol ranges fromabout 1.5:1.0 to 4.0:1.0.
 47. The liquid polyol composition of claim 46wherein the amino crosslinking agent is derived from a melamine, abenzoguanamine, a urea, or a glycoluryl.
 48. The liquid polyolcomposition of claim 47 wherein the amino crosslinking agent is derivedfrom a melamine.
 49. The liquid polyol composition of claim 48 whereinthe melamine is hexamethoxymethylmelamine.
 50. The liquid polyolcomposition of claim 49 wherein the nonliquid-crystalline,esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol is represented by the formula:##STR21## wherein R⁴ is a divalent radical derived from a C₁₂₋₄₀ diol.51. The liquid polyol composition of claim 50 further comprising anamount of a solvent effective to provide a coating formulation with aviscosity between about 10 centipoise to 100 poise.
 52. The liquidpolyol composition of claim 51 wherein the amount of solvent is lessthan 40 percent of the weight of the liquid polymer composition.
 53. Theliquid polyol composition of claim 52 further comprising an amount of analkaline or alkaline earth metal salt of a weak acid effective tocatalyze the crosslinking reaction.
 54. The liquid polyol composition ofclaim 53 wherein the salt of a weak acid is potassium neodecanoate. 55.The liquid polyol composition of claim 54 further comprising acatalytically effective amount of an acid catalyst.
 56. The liquidpolyol composition of claim 55 wherein the acid catalyst is an alkyl oraromatic sulfonic acid or a blocked alkyl or aromatic sulfonic acid. 57.The liquid polyol composition of claim 56 wherein the acid catalyst ispara-toluene sulfonic acid or blocked para-toluene sulfonic acid. 58.The liquid polyol composition of claim 57 further comprising an amountof at least one pigment effective to provide a desired color to a filmor surface coating prepared from the liquid polyol composition.
 59. Theliquid polyol composition of claim 58 wherein the weight ratio of thepigment to the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol and aminocrosslinking agent ranges from about 0 2:1 0 to 2.0:1.0.
 60. The liquidpolyol composition of claim 59 wherein the weight ratio of the pigmentto the esterphenol-capped polyhydric alcohol and amino crosslinkingagent ranges from about 0.5:1.0 to 1.1:1.0.